At present, the four major materials used for new energy batteries are ternary lithium, lithium iron phosphate, lithium cobalt oxide, and lithium manganese oxide. Each material has its own advantages and disadvantages. The details are as follows:
1. Ternary lithium
Ternary lithium batteries, also known as ternary polymer lithium batteries. Triple element usually refers to three raw materials: nickel, cobalt, and manganese. Ternary lithium batteries are made by mixing three different raw materials in different proportions and adding certain chemical additives. Obtained products.
The biggest advantage of this type of battery is its high energy density, better discharge performance in low-temperature environments, and it is often used in new energy vehicles with long battery life. However, due to the poor chemical stability of its raw materials, the safety of ternary lithium batteries is not high, and the risk of thermal runaway is slightly higher than other types of batteries. The loading capacity accounts for 41%.
2. Lithium iron phosphate
At the beginning of its discovery, lithium iron phosphate was considered the safest positive electrode material for lithium-ion batteries due to its stable olivine structure and chemical properties. Compared with ternary lithium batteries, lithium iron phosphate has advantages such as long lifespan, high safety, and low cost, but its energy density and low-temperature discharge performance are worse than ternary lithium materials.
With the above advantages, the proportion of lithium iron phosphate batteries in new energy vehicles is consistently higher than that of ternary lithium batteries. According to statistics, the installed capacity of lithium iron phosphate batteries reached 58.8% in the first half of 2022. In addition to its application in new energy vehicles, lithium iron phosphate also shines brightly in energy storage equipment, small appliances, and other fields.
3. Lithium cobalt oxide
Lithium cobalt oxide generally refers to lithium cobalt oxide LiCoO2, which is one of the positive electrode materials for lithium-ion batteries. Its main advantages are high working voltage, stable discharge, high specific energy, and good cycling performance. However, due to the use of rare metal cobalt, the manufacturing cost of lithium cobalt oxide batteries is very high, and the stability of cobalt materials is not very good, making the safety of the battery relatively low.
At present, lithium cobalt oxide batteries are mainly used in the field of electronic devices such as mobile phones and laptops. However, Tesla has recognized its advantages of high voltage and energy density, and has made it into 18650 lithium cobalt oxide batteries, mainly used in Tesla Model S and Roadster.
4. Lithium manganese oxide
Lithium manganese oxide is an inorganic compound first discovered in 1981. As an electrode material, it has the advantages of low cost, high safety, high potential, environmental protection, and no pollution. It is considered a promising cathode material to replace lithium cobalt oxide.
However, this material is not perfect. The two most fatal drawbacks of lithium manganese oxide, low energy density and poor cycling performance, have not yet been overcome. Therefore, lithium manganese oxide batteries are currently mainly used in consumer electronics products such as mobile phones and laptops. Equipment, but there are also some new energy vehicle models, such as the Nissan Leaf, Chevrolet Volta, Ford Focus EV, etc.
From the above, it can be seen that the main raw materials for lithium batteries used in new energy vehicles currently include ternary lithium, lithium iron phosphate, lithium cobalt oxide, and lithium manganese oxide. However, in reality, ternary lithium and lithium iron phosphate are still the main materials. Display. The market share of new energy batteries is 99%.
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